Road safety benefits of level 3 and level 4 connected and automated vehicles and fleet transition

The road safety benefits of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) will likely be significant. However, there is much debate around the risk of trauma during the transition to this future. A topic that is the subject of the most divided opinion is if there is a need to transition through all the levels of automation. Some experts suggest that there is a need to ‘skip’ some levels (Noy, Shinar, & Horrey, 2018) while others have suggested all levels are required for the best outcome (Ma & Kaber, 2005). This research examines these two views using real world data.